孢囊线虫中国新纪录种—朝鲜孢囊线虫（Heterodera koreana）

 孢囊线虫属（Heterodera）线虫目前大约有80种,该线虫分布广泛,是对农作物危害最严重的植物病原线虫之一［1］,对我国的农业生产和粮食安全造成极大的威胁。如,寄生大豆的大豆孢囊线虫（H. glycines）,寄生小麦的禾谷孢囊线虫（H. avenae, H. filipjevi）［1,2］及湖南省水稻上新发现的日本孢囊线虫（H. elachista）［3］。为明确孢囊线虫在中国南方地区的种类及分布,2007~2011年结合形态学和分子生物学技术开展了孢囊线虫调查鉴定,在江西省发现朝鲜孢囊线虫（H. koreana）。该线虫为首次在中国发现。     

发展农业科技企业的思考

农业科技企业在农业科技体制改革中诞生,在科技体制改革深化中发展。创建农业科技企业的目的是为了促进科技成果转化为生产力,促进科技与经济有效结合,也是农业科研单位自身改革发展的客观要求。文章探讨了当前农业科技企业发展的现状与存在的问题,强调必须加强技术创新,逐步将农业科技企业培育成为技术创新与产业创新的主体。     

作物定位轮作体系长期试验研究(Ⅲ)--轮作与连作对土壤微生物数量的影响

1997～2002年在东北农业大学校内农学试验田进行了作物定位轮作的长期试验研究,1997年对土壤微生物数量进行了测定,以探讨轮作与连作对土壤微生物数量的影响。研究表明,土壤细菌和放线菌在前期数量较低,在生育盛期和成熟期较高,土壤真菌数量在前期呈现较高的水平,后期数量反而较低;大豆对各类土壤微生物的繁衍均有一定的促进作用,这种促进作用在作物生育中后期才有表现;玉米连作使土壤微生物数量略有减少;小麦连作更有利于土壤微生物的繁衍。大豆田土壤微生物的数量变化与大豆生长发育状况相关性不明显。     

青海省2017—2019年州县级兽医系统实验室检测能力比对

为全面了解和提升兽医系统实验室检测能力,2017—2019年青海省动物疫病预防控制中心连续3年组织州县级兽医实验室开展检测能力比对工作。根据每年疫病的流行态势,设置PCR、ELISA以及传统类检测等比对项目。结果显示:2017—2019年实验室总体准确率分别为50.00%、56.82%、74.47%,样品总正确率分别为90.75%、93.56%、93.48%,整体呈上升趋势;各实验室PCR、ELISA、传统类检测项目的正确率差异不显著(P>0.05);州级实验室的检测正确率明显好于县级(P<0.05)。结果表明,州县级实验室检测能力逐年提升,绝大多数实验室具备PCR、ELASA、传统类检测等检测能力,但部分县级实验室的个别项目检测能力有待提高。建议进一步加大经费投入,加强基层实验室管理、业务培训等,整体提升县级实验室的检测能力。     

Cacao-fruit tree intercropping effects on cocoa yield, plant vigour and light interception in Côte d’Ivoire

A major challenge for cocoa producers in Côte d’Ivoire is to seek alternative shade trees or crop associations to adapt their planting devices and techniques to the shortage of forests. The recent tendency developed by farmers is to plant simplified orchards combining cacao and fruit trees. An on-farm trial was set up in a 5-year-old cocoa farm to compare a cacao monocrop planted at densities of 1,115 trees ha^?1 with cacao intercropped with orange or avocado trees, both at 44 trees ha^?1. Observations were done on incident light received by the cacao, vigour, growth and cocoa yields. On average, the cacaos received 100 % light in the monocrop, 89.6 % under orange trees and 80.6 % of incident light under avocado trees. They yielded 64.0 pods tree^?1 year^?1 in the monocrop (equivalent to 2.54 kg dry cocoa beans tree^?1), 30.3 pods tree^?1 when combined with orange trees and 28.3 pods tree^?1 with avocado trees. The two combinations allowed cocoa yields equivalent to those observed in the region (0.58 kg dry cocoa beans tree^?1). Vigour and yield were very highly correlated with the incident light received. Both the yield and the incident light are a logistic function of the planting distance from the shade tree. The inflexion point of the logistic functions corresponds to the minimum planting distance between the cacao and the intercropped fruit trees. On this basis, we suggest that the cacaos should not be planted closer than 6.50 ± 0.2 m to the orange or avocado trees.     

Dyeing behavior of laser-treated polyester

Polyester fabric was pre-treated with laser, followed by dyeing. The experimental results revealed that the rate of dyeing was greatly increased but the final percentage of dye exhaustion at equilibrium did not show any significant change. Based on the thermodynamic parameter of dyeing, it was concluded that laser treatment could provide the possibility of developing a low temperature dyeing process. Morphological and thermal studies revealed that obvious surface structure changes occurred. In the morphological analysis, ripple-like structure was found after laser treatment. This ripple-like structure may have captured more dye particles which could improve the dyeing behavior of polyester fibre. On the other hand, thermal analysis result revealed that the surface of polyester becomes highly amorphous on laser treatment, due to ablation. Meanwhile, XPS analysis showed that hydrophilic functional groups were introduced on to the laser-treated polyester fibre surface. As a result, surface physical and chemical changes induced by laser affect the dyeing behavior of polyester fibre. However, the laser treatment could not impart any adverse effect on color fastness to crocking and washing.     

基于水系生态保护的林业调查规划研究

以水系林业生态保护为目标,采用问题研究与目标导向相结合、规划研究与实施应用相结合的技术路线,全面调查分析了沂蒙山区水系分布状况及林业资源现状,进行了以水系林业生态保护为目的林业生态建设区域和类型划分,开展了重点区位水系林业生态保护专项研究与专项规划设计。     

The reasonable scale of water reuse system in irrigation area: a case study of Chitong irrigation district in Taiwan

The aim of this study is to assess the potential of the irrigation return-flow in a water reuse system, for the supply of other local water users. Both field survey and water-budget analysis were conducted, and the Chitong irrigation district in Taiwan was selected as the case study area. The results indicate that through the regulation of a pond with the effective capacity of 20,000 m³, a stable supply of 10,000 CMD of reuse water can be generated if the return-flow from the irrigation area of 200 hectares, which is about the size of a rotation plot, is intercepted. However, as the irrigation and effective rainfall are low from December to March, which are considered high risk for water supply, the irrigation return-flow decreases accordingly, and a series of responding measures are also suggested.     

马铃薯叶面积与产量、品质关系研究

测定了5个马铃薯品种的叶面积和系数法的矫正系数,进行了叶面积与块茎产量和品质的相关性分析。结果表明,5个马铃薯品种的叶面积和矫正系数(K)具有极显著差异,矫正系数不能在品种间通用。叶面积与产量有显著的正相关,但与淀粉、蛋白等品质指标无相关性,表明叶面积的增加能加强光合产物的输出,提高马铃薯的经济产量。     

密植枣园枝条粉碎还田机设计与试验

为解决新疆密植枣园果树枝条修剪量大、处理困难、人工劳动强度大及配套装备短缺等问题,研制了一种牵引式枝条粉碎还田机,主要由捡拾装置、粉碎装置和传动装置等组成。为此,主要阐述了机具整体设计方案和工作原理,并对其捡拾机构和粉碎机构等关键部件进行了理论分析和结构设计。捡拾装置通过上下捡拾辊与底部叉板相互作用对枣枝进行拾取和折断,提高了捡净率与粉碎效率;枝条在动定刀配合下被切断,并与筛片产生撞击,实现了高效粉碎。为获得粉碎还田机最佳工作效果,以刀轴转速、刀片数量、筛孔大小、枝条含水率和捡拾转速为试验因素,以捡净率和粉碎粒度为试验指标,进行了五因素二水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合优化试验,利用Design-Expert软件对该模型进行优化求解得到最佳参数组合。结果表明:在地形平坦、枝条含水率2 5%±3%的情况下,该机以2 km/h的速度进行粉碎作业时可获得较佳粉碎效果。该速度下,主要指标平均粉碎效率若羌灰枣枣枝(轻剪)为600kg/h,若羌骏枣枣枝(重剪)为1 500kg/h,平均枝条捡净率为92%,粉碎粒度(小于5cm)达89.3%。该研究可为解决新疆密植枣园枝条机械化处理技术提供参考。